Although Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or ADHD is commonly associated with children, it can last into adulthood for about 30% to 50% of cases. Research also suggests that children with ADHD have a higher risk of developing an addiction to drugs or alcohol as they get older.
People with ADHD tend to be more prone to impulsive behaviors and have trouble focusing or sitting still for extended periods. They become easily distracted and can be forgetful of tasks. The hyperactivity and limited control over impulses can also cause them to interrupt others while talking or other such behaviors, leading to problems socializing and making friends.
Several studies have found a significant connection between ADHD and addiction. For example, ADHD is 5 to 10 times more frequent among people with alcohol use disorder than in the general population. Adults with ADHD account for 25% of patients under treatment for alcohol and substance abuse.
Early alcohol consumption and substance use are considered strong predictors of addiction later in life. Another study found that teenagers with ADHD were 40% more likely to begin drinking alcohol at the mean age of 14.9 years than those without.
Why Does ADHD Increase the Risk of Developing Addiction?
There’s no clear answer to this question, but there are several theories. First of all, researchers have found common genes between people with ADHD and people with alcohol use disorder. Moreover, alcoholism and ADHD tend to run in families, so there’s the genetic factor but also the environmental effect of growing up with an alcoholic parent.
Second of all, ADHD causes issues with the regulation of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine. The symptoms of ADHD interfere with executive functions, hampering academic achievement, career prospects, income potential, as well as personal relationships. The addiction might start a form of self-medication to compensate for the unpleasant emotions that result from these issues. You can find out more about the self-medicating and dual diagnosis on the Oro House blog.
Are the Stimulant Medications Prescribed for ADHD Addictive?
Many parents whose children have been diagnosed with ADHD are afraid to let them take prescribed stimulants because they don’t want them to get addicted. Medications like Adderall and Ritalin produce their effects by raising dopamine levels in the brain, which helps increase focus and reduce hyperactivity.
Dopamine also affects mood, and an increase in dopamine makes people feel good. In some cases, it can even lead to a “high” sensation. Because many addictive drugs such as cocaine also increase dopamine levels, and dopamine has a strong impact on the brain’s reward system, there are concerns that ADHD stimulants might lead to addiction in a similar way.
There are also reports showing that some people take ADHD stimulants as recreational drugs, and this abuse can lead to addiction. However, they are not taking the medication as prescribed so that they can enhance the effects, and this makes a big difference.
One of the factors used to determine the addictive potential of a drug is how fast it raises dopamine levels – faster means greater potential for abuse. Ritalin, when taken as prescribed, will raise dopamine levels in about an hour. In contrast, cocaine raises dopamine levels in a few seconds. Having said that, in large doses and taken through other methods, Ritalin can also raise dopamine levels much faster. If there is a risk that the person with ADHD might take their medication in a way that might lead to addiction, it doesn’t mean that they shouldn’t get treatment. Their doctor can also prescribe non-stimulant medications for ADHD.
The secret to avoiding substance abuse disorders is realizing how ADHD is related to addiction. For individuals with ADHD, developing healthy coping strategies and undergoing proper treatment can significantly reduce the risk of addiction.
Behavioral therapy is among the most effective ways of controlling symptoms of ADHD. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) helps people become aware of impulsive behaviors and strive to improve concentration, decision-making abilities, and emotional control. The therapy can also be used to cure co-morbid conditions such as anxiety and depression, which are typically found alongside ADHD and can cause drug abuse. Other forms of therapy such as Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) and neurofeedback therapy have also proved effective in imparting better self-regulation and emotional control to ADHD patients.
Regularized habits and wholesome living habits play a big role as well. Regular exercise, healthy eating, and proper rest can naturally help regulate dopamine levels, reducing the need for stimulation from chemicals. Studies show that physical exercise such as swimming, martial arts, and jogging could enhance concentration and reduce hyperactivity in individuals with ADHD. Exercise such as meditation, mindfulness, and yoga have also been known to enhance concentration and reduce impulsivity.
For individuals concerned with abusing stimulant drugs, it’s essential to discuss alternatives with a medical professional. There are stimulant-free medications such as atomoxetine (Strattera) or guanfacine (Intuniv) that offer treatment without much potential for abuse. Keeping medicine use under strict supervision with a physician can also keep misuse out of the picture. Other individuals turn to natural supplements such as omega-3 fatty acids and zinc that may improve brain function and emotional balance.
Establishing a solid support system is another essential preventive step. Surrounding oneself with supportive family, friends, and professionals can offer encouragement and accountability. Support groups, both online and offline, can bring people with ADHD together with others who share similar issues, helping to alleviate feelings of isolation. Groups such as CHADD (Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) and ADDA (Attention Deficit Disorder Association) offer useful resources, peer support, and advice.
The second most important factor in preventing addiction is education and self-awareness. Families and ADHD patients need to educate themselves on substance use hazards and learn about the signs at an early point. Understanding how ADHD affects impulse control, emotional self-regulation, and decision-making will allow people to make informed choices about their health.
Also, educational and vocational support can be a lifesaver. ADHD sometimes leads to school or work issues, causing frustration and low self-esteem. Accommodations such as extra time for projects, a structured working environment, and guidance can be incredibly helpful and enable individuals to thrive without using substances as a coping mechanism.
By taking steps in advance to cope with ADHD, people are able to have productive lives and are at a minimal risk for becoming addicted. Breaking the cycle through early intervention, professional help, and alteration of lifestyle helps break the habit for good. Using a treatment approach that integrates therapy, groups, daily rituals, and good drug use practice, people who suffer from ADHD are able to move beyond challenges and reduce their chances of developing addiction.